Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-5G kunye ne-4G?
Ibali lanamhlanje liqala ngefomula.
Yindlela elula kodwa enomlingo.Ilula kuba inoonobumba abathathu kuphela.Kwaye iyamangalisa kuba yifomula equlethe imfihlakalo yobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano.
Ifomula yile:
Ndivumele ukuba ndichaze ifomyula, eyifomyula esisiseko yefiziksi, isantya sokukhanya = ubude bobude * frequency.
Malunga nefomula, unokuthi: nokuba yi-1G, 2G, 3G, okanye 4G, 5G, zonke zodwa.
Ngocingo?Wireless?
Zimbini kuphela iintlobo zonxibelelwano lwetekhnoloji - unxibelelwano ngocingo kunye nonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo.
Ukuba ndikubiza, idatha yolwazi ingaba emoyeni (engabonakaliyo kwaye ingabonakali) okanye izinto ezibonakalayo (ezibonakalayo nezibonakalayo).
Ukuba isasazwa kwizinto eziphathekayo, lunxibelelwano lweentambo.Isetyenziselwa ucingo lobhedu, i-fiber optical., njl., zonke ezibizwa ngokuba yi-media media.
Xa idatha ihanjiswa kwimidiya enentambo, izinga linokufikelela kumaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu.
Ngokomzekelo, kwibhubhoratri, isantya esiphezulu sefiber enye sifikelele kwi-26Tbps;ngamashumi amabini anesithandathu amawaka amaxesha entambo yesintu.
IFayibha yokubona
Unxibelelwano ngomoya ngumqobo wonxibelelwano oluphathwayo.
Umgangatho wangoku weselula oqhelekileyo yi-4G LTE, isantya sethiyori ye-150Mbps kuphela (ngaphandle kwe-carrier aggregation).Oku akukho nto kwaphela xa kuthelekiswa nentambo.
Ngoko ke,ukuba i-5G ifezekisa i-high-speed-speed-to-end, inqaku elibalulekileyo kukuqhekeza i-bottleneck engenazintambo.
Njengoko sonke sisazi, unxibelelwano olungenazingcingo kukusetyenziswa kwamaza ombane kunxibelelwano.Amaza ombane kunye namaza okukhanya ngawo omabini amaza ombane.
Ubuninzi bayo bumisela umsebenzi we-electromagnetic wave.Amaza ombane ahlukeneyo aneempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye ke anolunye usetyenziso.
Umzekelo, imitha ye-gamma ene-frequency ephezulu inobungozi kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga amathumba.
Ngoku ubukhulu becala sisebenzisa amaza ombane kunxibelelwano.kunjalo, kukho ukunyuka konxibelelwano optical, njenge LIFI.
I-LiFi (ukunyaniseka kokukhanya), unxibelelwano olubonakalayo olukhanyayo.
Masibuyele kumaza erediyo kuqala.
Ii-electronics zezohlobo lwe-electromagnetic wave.Izibonelelo zayo zobuninzi zilinganiselwe.
Sahlulahlula iifrikhwensi zaba ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwaye sazinika izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ukunqanda ukuphazamiseka kunye nongquzulwano.
| Igama lebhendi | Ushunqulelo | Inombolo yebhendi ye-ITU | Ukuphindaphinda kunye neWavelength | Umzekelo wokusetyenziswa |
| I-Frequency ephantsi kakhulu | ELF | 1 | 3-30Hz100,000-10,000km | Unxibelelwano neenkwili |
| Super Low Frequency | SLF | 2 | 30-300Hz10,000-1,000km | Unxibelelwano neenkwili |
| Ultra Low Frequency | ULF | 3 | 300-3,000Hz1,000-100km | Unxibelelwano kwiNkwili, Unxibelelwano ngaphakathi emigodini |
| Izakhelo eziphantsi kakhulu | VLF | 4 | 3-30KHz100-10km | Ukuhamba, imiqondiso yexesha, unxibelelwano kwinkwili, iimonitha zentliziyo engenazingcingo, i-geophysics |
| Ukuphindaphinda okuphantsi | LF | 5 | 30-300KHz10-1km | Ukuhamba, imiqondiso yexesha, usasazo lwe-AM Longwave (iYurophu kunye nezahlulo zaseAsia), iRFID, irediyo ye-Amateur |
| Phakathi Frequency | MF | 6 | 300-3,000KHz1,000-100m | I-AM (i-medium-wave) isasaza, irediyo yabangaqeqeshwanga, iibhikhoni ze-avalanche |
| High Frequency | HF | 7 | 3-30MHz100-10M | Usasazo lwe-Shortwave, irediyo yebhendi yabemi, unomathotholo wabasakhulayo kunye nonxibelelwano ngenqwelomoya, iRFID, iradar engaphaya, ukusekwa kwekhonkco elizenzekelayo (ALE) / kufutshane nesiganeko esithe nkqo kwi-skywave (NVIS) unxibelelwano lukanomathotholo, i-telephony yerediyo yaselwandle kunye neselfowuni |
| I-frequency ephezulu kakhulu | VHF | 8 | 30-300MHz10-1m | I-FM, usasazo lukamabonakude, umgca wokubona umhlaba ukuya kwinqwelomoya kunye nonxibelelwano lwenqwelomoya ukuya kwinqwelomoya, unxibelelwano oluphathwayo emhlabeni kunye nolwaselwandle, unomathotholo wabasakhulayo, unomathotholo wemozulu. |
| Ubuninzi befrikhwensi ephezulu | UHF | 9 | 300-3,000MHz1-0.1m | Usasazo lukamabonwakude, i-oven microwave, izixhobo ze-microwave / unxibelelwano, i-astronomy yerediyo, iiselfowuni, i-LAN engenazingcingo, iBluetooth, iZigBee, i-GPS kunye noonomathotholo beendlela ezimbini ezifana neselfowuni yomhlaba, i-FRS kunye ne-GMRS iirediyo, irediyo ye-amateur, irediyo yesathelayithi, Iinkqubo zolawulo olukude, I-ADSB |
| Super High frequency | SHF | 10 | 3-30GHz100-10mm | I-radio astronomy, izixhobo ze-microwave/unxibelelwano, i-LAN engenazingcingo, i-DSRC, uninzi lweerada zala maxesha, iisathelayithi zonxibelelwano, intambo kunye nosasazo lukamabonakude ngesathelayithi, iDBS, unomathotholo ongaqhelekanga, unomathotholo wesathelayithi. |
| Ifrikhwensi ephezulu kakhulu | EHF | 11 | 30-300GHz10-1mm | I-Radio astronomy, i-high-frequency microwave radio relay, i-remote microwave ivayo, unomathotholo ongaqhelekanga, isixhobo samandla aqondisiweyo, i-millimeter wave scanner, Wireless Lan 802.11ad |
| I-Terahertz okanye i-frequency ephezulu kakhulu | THz yeTHF | 12 | 300-3,000GHz1-0.1mm | Imifanekiso yovavanyo yonyango ethatha indawo yeX-reyi, i-ultrafast molecular dynamics, i-condensed-matter physics, i-terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, i-terahertz computing/unxibelelwano, i-remote sensing. |
Ukusetyenziswa kwamaza onomathotholo ahlukeneyo
Sisebenzisa ubukhulu becalaMF-SHFkunxibelelwano ngemfonomfono.
Umzekelo, "i-GSM900" kunye ne "CDMA800" zihlala zibhekisa kwi-GSM esebenza kwi-900MHz kunye ne-CDMA esebenza kwi-800MHz.
Okwangoku, umgangatho wetekhnoloji we-4G LTE wehlabathi ngowe-UHF kunye ne-SHF.
I-China isebenzisa ikakhulu i-SHF
Njengoko ubona, ngophuhliso lwe-1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, i-radio frequency esetyenzisiweyo iya phezulu nangaphezulu.
Ngoba?
Oku kungenxa yokuba okukhona kuphezulu i-frequency, kokukhona izixhobo ezifumanekayo.Okukhona izibonelelo zefrikhwensi zifumaneka, kokukhona izinga losulelo liphezulu linokuphunyezwa.
I-frequency ephezulu ithetha izibonelelo ezininzi, oku kuthetha isantya esikhawulezayo.
Ke, u-5 G usebenzisa ntoni amaza athile?
Njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi:
Uluhlu lwe-frequency ye-5G luhlukaniswe kwiintlobo ezimbini: enye ingaphantsi kwe-6GHz, engahlukanga kakhulu kwi-2G yethu yangoku, i-3G, i-4G, kunye nenye, ephakamileyo, ngaphezu kwe-24GHz.
Okwangoku, i-28GHz yeyona bhendi yovavanyo yamazwe ngamazwe ekhokelayo (ibhendi yefrikhwensi inokuba yeyokuqala ibhendi yefrikhwensi ye5G)
Ukuba ibalwa nge-28GHz, ngokwefomula esiyikhankanyileyo ngasentla:
Ewe, linqaku lokuqala lobuchwephesha le-5G
Imilimitha-amaza
Ndivumele ndibonise itafile yamaxesha kwakhona:
| Igama lebhendi | Ushunqulelo | Inombolo yebhendi ye-ITU | Ukuphindaphinda kunye neWavelength | Umzekelo wokusetyenziswa |
| I-Frequency ephantsi kakhulu | ELF | 1 | 3-30Hz100,000-10,000km | Unxibelelwano neenkwili |
| Super Low Frequency | SLF | 2 | 30-300Hz10,000-1,000km | Unxibelelwano neenkwili |
| Ultra Low Frequency | ULF | 3 | 300-3,000Hz1,000-100km | Unxibelelwano kwiNkwili, Unxibelelwano ngaphakathi emigodini |
| Izakhelo eziphantsi kakhulu | VLF | 4 | 3-30KHz100-10km | Ukuhamba, imiqondiso yexesha, unxibelelwano kwinkwili, iimonitha zentliziyo engenazingcingo, i-geophysics |
| Ukuphindaphinda okuphantsi | LF | 5 | 30-300KHz10-1km | Ukuhamba, imiqondiso yexesha, usasazo lwe-AM Longwave (iYurophu kunye nezahlulo zaseAsia), iRFID, irediyo ye-Amateur |
| Phakathi Frequency | MF | 6 | 300-3,000KHz1,000-100m | I-AM (i-medium-wave) isasaza, irediyo yabangaqeqeshwanga, iibhikhoni ze-avalanche |
| High Frequency | HF | 7 | 3-30MHz100-10M | Usasazo lwe-Shortwave, irediyo yebhendi yabemi, unomathotholo wabasakhulayo kunye nonxibelelwano ngenqwelomoya, iRFID, iradar engaphaya, ukusekwa kwekhonkco elizenzekelayo (ALE) / kufutshane nesiganeko esithe nkqo kwi-skywave (NVIS) unxibelelwano lukanomathotholo, i-telephony yerediyo yaselwandle kunye neselfowuni |
| I-frequency ephezulu kakhulu | VHF | 8 | 30-300MHz10-1m | I-FM, usasazo lukamabonakude, umgca wokubona umhlaba ukuya kwinqwelomoya kunye nonxibelelwano lwenqwelomoya ukuya kwinqwelomoya, unxibelelwano oluphathwayo emhlabeni kunye nolwaselwandle, unomathotholo wabasakhulayo, unomathotholo wemozulu. |
| Ubuninzi befrikhwensi ephezulu | UHF | 9 | 300-3,000MHz1-0.1m | Usasazo lukamabonwakude, i-oven microwave, izixhobo ze-microwave / unxibelelwano, i-astronomy yerediyo, iiselfowuni, i-LAN engenazingcingo, iBluetooth, iZigBee, i-GPS kunye noonomathotholo beendlela ezimbini ezifana neselfowuni yomhlaba, i-FRS kunye ne-GMRS iirediyo, irediyo ye-amateur, irediyo yesathelayithi, Iinkqubo zolawulo olukude, I-ADSB |
| Super High frequency | SHF | 10 | 3-30GHz100-10mm | I-radio astronomy, izixhobo ze-microwave/unxibelelwano, i-LAN engenazingcingo, i-DSRC, uninzi lweerada zala maxesha, iisathelayithi zonxibelelwano, intambo kunye nosasazo lukamabonakude ngesathelayithi, iDBS, unomathotholo ongaqhelekanga, unomathotholo wesathelayithi. |
| Ifrikhwensi ephezulu kakhulu | EHF | 11 | 30-300GHz10-1mm | I-Radio astronomy, i-high-frequency microwave radio relay, i-remote microwave ivayo, unomathotholo ongaqhelekanga, isixhobo samandla aqondisiweyo, i-millimeter wave scanner, Wireless Lan 802.11ad |
| I-Terahertz okanye i-frequency ephezulu kakhulu | THz yeTHF | 12 | 300-3,000GHz1-0.1mm | Imifanekiso yovavanyo yonyango ethatha indawo yeX-reyi, i-ultrafast molecular dynamics, i-condensed-matter physics, i-terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, i-terahertz computing/unxibelelwano, i-remote sensing. |
Nceda unikele ingqalelo kumgca ongezantsi.Ngaba oko aimilimitha-amaza!
Ewe, kuba iifrikhwensi eziphezulu zilungile, kutheni singasebenzisanga amaza aphezulu ngaphambili?
Isizathu silula:
– asikuko ukuba awufuni kuyisebenzisa.Kukuba awukwazi ukufikelela kuyo.
Iimpawu ezimangalisayo zamaza ombane wombane: kokukhona ukuphakama kwamaza ombane aphezulu, okukhona mfutshane umgama wamaza, kokukhona ukusondela ekusasazweni komda (okukhona kusiba mbi ngakumbi isakhono se-diffraction).Okukhona iphezulu i-frequency, kokukhona i-attenuation enkulu phakathi.
Jonga usiba lwakho lwelaser (ubude bobude bumalunga ne-635nm).Ukukhanya okukhutshiweyo kuthe tye.Ukuba uyayivimba, awukwazi ukuphumelela.
Emva koko jonga unxibelelwano lwesathelayithi kunye ne-GPS navigation (ubude be-waveleng malunga ne-1cm).Ukuba kukho umqobo, akuyi kubakho mqondiso.
Imbiza enkulu yesathelayithi kufuneka ilinganiswe ukuze ikhombe isathelayithi kwicala elifanelekileyo, okanye nokuba ukulungelelaniswa okungephi kuya kuchaphazela umgangatho wophawu.
Ukuba unxibelelwano oluphathwayo lusebenzisa ibhendi ye-frequency ephezulu, eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo ngumgama wothumelo omfutshane kakhulu, kunye nokukwazi ukugubungela kuncitshiswe kakhulu.
Ukugubungela indawo efanayo, inani lezikhululo ze-5G ezifunekayo ziya kudlula kakhulu i-4G.
Lithetha ukuthini inani lezikhululo ezisisiseko?Imali, utyalo-mali kunye neendleko.
Okuya kusezantsi i-frequency, inethiwekhi iya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye iya kukhuphisana ngakumbi.Yiyo loo nto bonke abathwali bezabalazela iibhendi zefrikhwensi ephantsi.
Ezinye iibhendi zide zibizwe – iibhendi zamaza egolide.
Ngoko ke, ngokusekelwe kwezi zizathu zingasentla, phantsi kwesiseko se-frequency ephezulu, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lweendleko zokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi, i-5G kufuneka ifumane indlela entsha yokuphuma.
Yaye zithini iindlela zokuphuma?
Okokuqala, kukho i-micro base station.
Isikhululo sesiseko seMicro
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zezikhululo ezisisiseko, izikhululo zesiseko ezincinci kunye nezikhululo zesiseko esikhulu.Jonga igama, kwaye isikhululo sesiseko esincinci sincinci;Isikhululo esikhulu sesiseko sikhulu.
Isitishi esikhulu esisisiseko:
Ukugubungela indawo enkulu.
Isitishi esisezantsi:
Incinci kakhulu.
Izikhululo ezininzi ezisisiseko ngoku, ngakumbi kwiindawo zasezidolophini nangaphakathi, zihlala zibonwa.
Kwixesha elizayo, xa kuziwa kwi-5G, kuya kuba nezinye ezininzi, kwaye ziya kufakwa kuyo yonke indawo, phantse yonke indawo.
Unokubuza, ngaba kuya kubakho nayiphi na impembelelo emzimbeni womntu ukuba kukho izikhululo ezininzi ezisisiseko?
Impendulo yam ithi-hayi.
Okukhona kukho izikhululo ezisisiseko, kokukhona kunciphe ukusasazeka kwemitha.
Cinga ngako, ebusika, kwindlu eneqela labantu, ngaba kungcono ukuba ne-heater eyodwa ephezulu okanye ezininzi izifudumezi ezinamandla aphantsi?
Isikhululo esincinci, amandla aphantsi kwaye afanele wonke umntu.
Ukuba kuphela isikhululo esisisiseko esikhulu, i-radiation ibalulekile kwaye ikude kakhulu, akukho mqondiso.
Iphi i-eriyali?
Ngaba uye waqaphela ukuba iiselfowuni zine-eriyali ende ngaphambili, kwaye iiselfowuni zakuqala zineeriyali ezincinci?Kutheni singenazo ii-eriyali ngoku?
Kulungile, asikuko ukuba asizifuni i-eriyali;kukuba ii-eriyali zethu ziya zincipha.
Ngokweempawu ze-eriyali, ubude be-eriyali kufuneka bulinganiswe nobude bobude, malunga ne-1/10 ~ 1/4
Njengoko ixesha litshintsha, unxibelelwano lweefowuni zethu eziphathwayo luya phezulu, kwaye ubude be-waveleng buba mfutshane kwaye bufutshane, kwaye i-eriyali iya kukhawuleza.
I-Millimeter-wave yonxibelelwano, i-eriyali nayo ibe yi-millimeter-level
Oku kuthetha ukuba i-eriyali inokufakwa ngokupheleleyo kwifowuni ephathwayo kunye nee-eriyali ezininzi.
Eli liqhosha lesithathu le-5G
I-MIMO enkulu (iteknoloji yee-antenna ezininzi)
I-MIMO, ethetha igalelo eliphindaphindayo, imveliso emininzi.
Ngexesha le-LTE, sele sinayo i-MIMO, kodwa inani le-eriyali alikho kakhulu, kwaye Kunokuthiwa kuphela ukuba yinguqulo yangaphambili ye-MIMO.
Ngexesha le-5G, itekhnoloji ye-MIMO iba yinguqulelo ephuculweyo ye-Massive MIMO.
Iselfowuni inokufakwa ngee-eriyali ezininzi, singasathethi ke ngeeseli zeeseli.
Kwisikhululo sesiseko sangaphambili, bekukho nje ii-eriyali ezimbalwa.
Ngexesha le-5G, inani lee-antenna alilinganiswa ngamaqhekeza kodwa ngoluhlu lwe-antenna "Array".
Nangona kunjalo, ii-eriyali akufanele zisondele kakhulu kunye.
Ngenxa yeempawu zee-eriyali, uluhlu lwee-eriyali ezininzi lufuna ukuba umgama phakathi kwee-eriyali kufuneka ugcinwe ngaphezu kobude besiqingatha sobude.Ukuba basondele kakhulu, baya kuphazamisa omnye nomnye kwaye bachaphazele ukuhanjiswa kunye nokwamkelwa kwezibonakaliso.
Xa isitishi esisezantsi sihambisa umqondiso, kufana nebhalbhu yesibane.
Umqondiso ukhutshelwa kwindawo eyingqongileyo.Kuba ukukhanya, ngokuqinisekileyo, kukukhanyisa igumbi lonke.Ukuba kuphela ukubonisa indawo ethile okanye into ethile, ukukhanya okuninzi kuyachithwa.
Isikhululo esisisiseko siyafana;amandla amaninzi kunye nezibonelelo zichithwa.
Ke, ukuba sinokusifumana isandla esingabonakaliyo sokubopha ukukhanya okuthe saa?
Oku akugcini nje ngokugcina amandla kodwa kukwaqinisekisa ukuba indawo eza kukhanyiswa inokukhanya okwaneleyo.
Impendulo nguewe.
Yi leBeamforming
I-Beamforming okanye ukuhluza indawo yindlela yokucwangcisa umqondiso osetyenziswa kwi-sensor arrays ukuhanjiswa kwesignali yesalathiso okanye ulwamkelo.Oku kuphunyezwa ngokudibanisa izinto kuluhlu lwe-eriyali ukuze imiqondiso kwii-engile ezithile zifumana uphazamiseko olwakhayo ngelixa abanye befumana ukuphazamiseka okutshabalalisayo.I-Beamforming inokusetyenziswa kuzo zombini iindawo zokuhambisa kunye nokwamkela ukufikelela ekukhetheni indawo.
Le teknoloji ye-multiplexing yendawo itshintshile ukusuka kwi-omnidirectional signal coverage ukuya kwiinkonzo zesikhokelo ezichanekileyo, aziyi kuphazamisa phakathi kwemiqadi kwindawo efanayo ukubonelela ngakumbi amakhonkco onxibelelwano, ukuphucula kakhulu umthamo wenkonzo yesikhululo sesiseko.
Kwinethiwekhi yeselula yangoku, nokuba abantu ababini babizana ubuso ngobuso, iimpawu zihanjiswa ngezikhululo ezisisiseko, kubandakanywa iimpawu zokulawula kunye neepakethi zedatha.
Kodwa kwixesha le-5G, le meko ayisiyiyo imeko.
Into yesihlanu ebalulekileyo ye-5G -D2Dsisixhobo kwisixhobo.
Kwixesha le-5G, ukuba abasebenzisi ababini phantsi kwesikhululo sesiseko esifanayo banxibelelana, idatha yabo ayisayi kuthunyelwa kwisikhululo esisisiseko kodwa ngokuthe ngqo kwifowuni ephathekayo.
Ngale ndlela, igcina izixhobo zomoya ezininzi kwaye inciphisa uxinzelelo kwisikhululo esisisiseko.
Kodwa, ukuba ucinga ukuba akufuneki uhlawule ngolu hlobo, ngoko awulunganga.
Umyalezo wolawulo nawo kufuneka uhambe ukusuka kwisikhululo esisezantsi;usebenzisa izibonelelo spectrum.AbaSebenzisi banokukuyeka njani uhambe?
Itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano ayintsonkothanga;njengelitye elinqabileyo lobuchwephesha bonxibelelwano, i-5 G ayisiyiyo itekhnoloji yoguqulo olungenakufikelelwa;kukukhula kobugcisa bonxibelelwano obukhoyo.
Njengoko enye ingcali yathi-
Imida yobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano ayiphelelanga nje ekusikelwe umda kobugcisa kodwa kuqikelelo olusekwe kwimathematika engqongqo, engenako ukuqhawuka kamsinyane.
Kwaye indlela yokuphonononga ngakumbi ukubanakho konxibelelwano ngaphakathi kwendawo yemigaqo yezenzululwazi kukusukela abantu abaninzi kushishino lonxibelelwano.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-02-2021